Present perspectives refer to the current theories, ideas, and viewpoints that are prevalent in a particular research area or field of study. These perspectives are based on the latest research findings, trends, and developments in the field, and help to shape the direction of future research and exploration. Present perspectives provide researchers with a framework for understanding current issues and debates, and serve as a foundation for building upon existing knowledge. By staying informed about present perspectives in their field, researchers can contribute to the advancement of knowledge and drive innovation in their area of study.